Misuse and Abuse of Antibiotics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Misuse and Abuse of Antibiotics - Essay Example regulated. Despite the Penicllin Act of 1948, more and more resistant strains of bacteria kept evolving, and continued research led to development of newer and newer antibiotics. The effect was devastating. In 1950s, a resistant strain of the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus led to catastrophic events throughout the world, especially in the hospital setting and especially in children admitted to the hospital. Thus, the mechanism of resistance was probed into, and researches ultimately found that development of resistance is produced by indiscriminate use of the antibiotics, and such use may well be termed as misuse or abuse (Wenzel, R.P., 2002). The rational use of antibiotics is dependent on understanding of their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicities, interactions; bacterial strategies of resistance; and bacterial susceptibilities in vitro. The acquired resistance is a well-known major limitation to effective antibacterial chemotherapy. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics develop by mutation of the resident bacterial genes or by acquisition of new genes that resist antibiotics to cause bacterial death. Almost all bacteria have cellular mechanisms of transmission of genetic traits by a system of mobile genetic elements, such as, plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages (Martnez, J.L. and Baquero, F., 2002). As a result, the new genes mediating resistance are spread from bacteria to bacteria to create a colony of resistant bacteria. Such populations flourish in areas of high antibiotic use where they enjoy a selective advantage over susceptible population. To answer the question how resistance becomes operative, one can deduce that the antimicrobial...Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; 52: 564 - 571. Martnez, J.L. and Baquero, F., (2002). Interactions among Strategies Associated with Bacterial Infection: Pathogenicity, Epidemicity, and Antibiotic Resistance. Clinical Microbiologic Review; 15: pp. 647 - 679. Metlay, J.P., Shea, J.A., and Asch, D.A., (2002). Antibiotic Prescribing Decisions of Generalists and Infectious Disease Specialists: Thresholds for Adopting New Drug Therapies. Medical Decision Making; 22: 498 - 505.

Banking Act of 1933 Glass-Steagall Act Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Banking Act of 1933 Glass-Steagall Act - Article Example Senator Carter Glass, who was a former treasury secretary, is the main man behind the act. Henry Steagall was the other sponsor. The act applies to both national banks and state chartered banks (Dept 12). Though the Glass-Steagall act, the government upheld its role to provide quality, public policy. It can be argued that the act went a long way in easing the depression. This occurred because of the measures the Act put in place to prevent further losses. For instance, limiting commercial banks investments prevented underwriting by banks. This allowed for faster liquidation of assets by banks. This led to separation of commercial banks from investment banks. In 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley act repealed the provision that restricted banks and securities firms affiliations section 16 prevented the purchasing or selling of securities by national banks except when the bank acts as a customer’s agent (Dept 23). Under the act, the government tried to resolve the conflict of interest that arises with regard to granting credit. Section 32 prevented common directors and employees access to credit Four sections of the act,sections16,20,21and 32,laid out the provisions for acquiring secur ities, both directly and indirectly in case the bank needed fast access to short term credit. For instance, section 11(a) prevented Federal Reserve member banks from placing loans to dealers or brokers. The Act limited the previous enormous power of the banks. This Act prevents bank’s ability to expand greatly, which was possible to achieve by creating a barrier between banking and insurance against aggressive expansions. As a result of the bank’s risky moves, there was the provision for insurance to minimize losses. Over time, limits on insurance from 2,500 USD in 1934, continues to take place. Currently the FIDC provides insurance for safety deposits of member banks of up to 250,000 USD per depositor in each bank initially, under the act. FDIC had the mandate to regulate and supervise banks, which are non-members in a given State. Through the US treasury, and Federal Reserve an initial 289 million funded the Act. The Act through FDIC also prohibited payment of intere sts on checking accounts. There are also provisions in the Act, which allow national banks to have branches statewide depending on the state’s law (Dept 20). The Glass-Steagall Act provided the government with the opportunity of displaying its understanding of the public’s interest. The institution of the Act by the government proved beneficial in helping the public deal with the recovery period after the effects of the Great economic depression of 1929. The creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) affected the public on a personal level compared to the other reforms brought about by this Act. This is because the FDIC created a buffer for citizens making a deposit of over 5,000 USD by insuring the money deposited. This served to eliminate any unforeseen, future risks, for example, an economic depression. As a result, individuals had the opportunity of getting their money back in the event of an economic catastrophe. The FDIC also helped to reaffirm the government’s commitment in safeguarding the financial welfare of its citizens (Dept 25). The different branches of the government played an integral role with regard to

Acid Rain Essay -- Environmental Science

INTRODUCTION The term acid rain refers to the process of deposition or precipitation of hydrogen ions with a pH value below 5.0, in the atmosphere. These acidic substances are produced by the pollutants on the earth that are airborne. These acidic precipitates will pour down as water droplets along with normal rain water whose pH lie between 5.0 and 5.6 creating hazardous effects on the living organisms of earth. HISTORY The cause of acid rain is mainly due to industrial pollutants. Acid rain was first reported during the Industrial Revolution in England in 1852.A Scottish chemist by name Robert Angus Smith discovered the same. [Briney A, 2001]However the term ‘Acid Rain’ was coined in the year 1972 by the scientist in his book,†Air and Rain: The Beginnings of Chemical Climatology â€Å".Awareness towards acid rain started to increase rapidly among people from then on. In today’s date even a small kid is taught about acid rain and made to understand the importance of preserving the environment from pollution. ACID RAIN FORMATION Air is polluted by both natural and artificial sources. The major contributors of acid rain are the oxides of sulphur and oxides of nitrogen. These oxides released through pollutants settle in the atmosphere. They then combine with the moisture in the atmosphere to form acid rain. The acid rain thus collected in the cloud gets released along with the raindrops of normal water thereby forming acid rain [J.N.B Bell, 1981] .The rain water that pours down will obviously contain the most harmful sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The effects created by this acid rain unimaginable. They just burn the living being alive in seconds creating a permanent destruction to the earth. CAUSES As seen earlier, the major con... ...hould take care that we do not become the root cause for the day on which the whole world will get drenched in acid rain. Nature is precious. Every individual must realize this fact and start their action to create a green and clean environment in future, as always prevention is better than cure! Works Cited Briney A, The Causes, History and Effects of Acid Rain, 2001 J.N.B Bell, An update on acid rain: A UK Viewpoint, 1981 Lane C A, Acid Rain –Overview and Abstracts, 2003 Epa, Available at, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html, Accessed on 13th August 2010 Wolosz T, Effects of Acid Rain, SUNY Plattsburgh States College, New York, 2005 Trotman G, Acid rain – A review of the phenomenon in the EEC & Europe, 1983 Kneese A, Measuring the benefits of clean air and water, 1984 BrimbleCombe P, Acid Rain –Deposition to Recovery, 2007

Jails and Prisons Response Essay

Jails and Prisons Response Prisons and jails may both confine offenders but they have their differences. Jails are for offenders that have short term sentences or for holding until the offender is transferred to a prison. They are also used to hold a criminal during their hearings until sentencing (Schmalleger, 2011). Prisons are for offenders that are sentenced to long-term or permanent confinement. They are institutions separated in to three categories depending on how serious the offense was or the mental state of the offender. There are minimum, medium, and maximum prisons (Schmalleger, 2011). All aspects of the criminals life is controlled by the authorities of the prison. This is what makes it a total institution. Depending on the crime committed and the individual they decide on which institution will be best. There are also four types of prisons which are military, juvenile, political, and psychiatric. They each have their place in the criminal justice system. The concept of prisons as a institution is total control and authority. Medical, education, and treatments are available to inmates as part of their rights. Within any institution there are different programs and departments to make it run properly. Jails play a important role in the system. They hold non-violent criminals from violent criminals. If everyone went to prison they would be over populated. Jails are beneficial because they are local and can hold offenders for short periods. A court would not want to send a offender who did not pay his parking tickets to prison for 30 days.

What I Think of Stereotyping Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The words "Arab" and "Muslim" nowadays in America have connotations such as 'terrorist', 'the enemy', 'extremists', 'oppressors' etc. ., which is constantly seen in the media. I know that these assumptions are not only false but also fabricated. It was after the 9/11 attacks that these came to plague the Muslims all over the world. A recent Gallup poll showed that 39% of Americans admit to being prejudiced against Muslims and nearly a quarter say they would not want a Muslim for a neighbor. How inhuman could that get? When the religious and political leaders use polarizing language and use Muslims as their scapegoats, these are the unfortunate side effects, ladies and gentlemen. It stretches from the likes of Pat Robertson all the way up to President George W. Bush. This behavior that the Americans portray is clearly supported by the inflammatory language President Bush has been using after the 9/11 attacks such as "Islamofascists" and the like. Again, personally, it has affected my life here in America. I recall an instance when I was traveling with my family, most of whom comprise of one brother and women covering their heads with scarves, and while waiting in line to go through the metal detectors everyone was going by so quickly, however, when the policeman got to us and looked at our passports he stood in the middle and announced to all the people standing behind us in line, "This is going to take a while, folks, please find another line, " then he looked at the officer next to him in distress and said "close the line with the belt, we have 4 Arab women with one man. " It was utterly humiliating to be treated like a criminal and to be asked to take off my jacket, shoes and hat and to have a special metal detector passed all over me and then being hand-searched when everyone else before us just put their bags through the screening machine and glided right through. We will write a custom essay sample on What I Think of Stereotyping or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Hum -102 - Week 1 - Humanities Today Paper - 871 Words

Introduction Humanities allows us to look at the past, the past will allow us to see what our future holds. This paper will examine how the study of humanities is differentiated between other modes of expression. The paper will also review examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, literature and film that reflect current socio-economics, technology and politics. Humanities Defined The study of humanity provides insight into how humans have developed culturally. The insight that art, literature and music can provide allows us to understand the influence that it provided in the development of our future, or our today. This awareness gives us the opportunity to see how important facts and events have influenced others.†¦show more content†¦Specifically â€Å"Gangsta rap represents part of a larger focus on hip hop and politics that is popular within the media and among scholarly research and the prominence of gangsta rap in the late 1980s and early 1990s prompted the association between hip hop and violence that contemporary social scientists theorize† (Gilliam, 2007). Architecture There are several different methods within modernism style of architecture. The modernist style looks for function rather than trying to reproduce the natural environment. There are several forms within the modernism style they include: structuralism, formalism, Bauhaus, the international style, brutalism, and minimalism. The features of modernism includes the fact there is little embellishment or decoration, man made supplies are used (metal and concrete). Architects in the 20th century include I.M. Pei. Philosophy Philosophy is defined as a â€Å"comprehensive system of ideas about human nature and the nature of the reality we live in and is a guide for living, because the issues it addresses are basic and pervasive, determining the course we take in life and how we treat other people† (Thomas, 2005). Major philosophers of the 20th century include Carl Jung, Albert Camus, and Bertrand Russell. Literature Literature provides readers a written composition comprised of current or previous cultural issues. According to the Department ofShow MoreRelatedpreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 PagesInformation Copies of this publication are available for sale from the California Department of Education. For prices and ordering information, please visit the Department Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ re/pn or call the CDE Press Sales Office at 1-800-995-4099. An illustrated Educational Resource Catalog describing publications, videos, and other instructional media available from the Department can be obtained without charge by writing to the CDE Press Sales Office, California Department ofRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving

Compare the Two Articles on Henri Paul - 1387 Words

Compare the articles on Henri Paul: Which one do you think is most persuasive? Diana, princess of Wales died on 30th August 1997. She died in a car crash In a Paris tunnel. At the time she had divorced Prince Charles who was the father or her two children, (Prince William and Harry), and was in a relationship with Dodi Alfayed. This story was reported worldwide. In the article from the Mirror, they give a biased picture of what Henri Paul Is like. They say he Is a â€Å"speed freak† and â€Å"bike nut, could down nine whiskies in a night†. This suggests that he is a heavy drinker and that he is always speeding. The words Speed freak displays assonance, which makes a bigger Impact on the reader. â€Å"Speed† has several connotations: It Is a drug; It Is†¦show more content†¦The MIrror also uses more colourful language and allIteratIons, â€Å"BIke nut could down nIne whIskIes a nIght†. They use adjectIval tags such as â€Å"formIdable boozer† and â€Å"party-lovIng Paul†: However In The GuardIan, they use less sensatIonalIsm and less strong words or negatIve expressIons. They at least try to sound authentIc wIth French phrases, places and names. In the TabloId newspaper artIcle, they quote from an EnglIsh bar owner sItuated In ParIs. Mark WIllIamson saId that HenrI Paul â€Å"looked a bIt lIke a well-pIssed Groucho Marx†. ThIs man appeals to the people that read The MIrror because he talks just lIke the typIcal readers. It Is also good that he Is EnglIsh as the readers of The MIrror tend to be more patrIotIc than readers of The GuardIan. ConsIderIng they claIm HenrI Paul vIsIted â€Å"numerous bars† In France It should be questIoned why an EnglIsh bar owner has been quoted. Frankly, many workIng class EnglIsh dIslIke the French, It seems plausIble that an EnglIshman wIll gIve the response that theIr readershIp wIll want. A quote In The GuardIan Is from Marcel DouzIer, a French man who had known Paul sInce hIs school days. He saId â€Å"Paul was a really calm and sensIble type†. As he was someone who had known Paul for a long tIme, hIs quote seems to be a bIt more relIable than someone who saw Paul, but h ad never really had an In depth conversatIon wIth hIm. However, can a â€Å"lIfelong† frIend beShow MoreRelatedTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pagesindustries. Concepts of meso - primarily interested in power, culture, and the networks of individuals and units in organizations and field level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact has also been added to these two. . Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model all such factors that come in play when an organization zooms in existence and continues being in functioning. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to controlRead MoreAwareness6564 Words   |  27 Pagesis as such a powerful tool capable of rescuing memories from oblivion and bringing them back to life, thus reconciling the past with the present. The present article seeks to bring to bear new perspectives on the relationship between a novelist’s personal memories, collective memory, and the fictional narratives partially inspired by these two types of memory. In the first section we briefly examine the distinction traditionally made between individual memory and collective memory, which we then tryRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagesevolution and spoke of society as an individual organism. A System of Evolution The concept of organic evolution was elaborated fully for the first time in his famous essay The Developmental Hypothesis, published in the Leader in 1852. In a series of articles and writings Spencer gradually refined his concept of organic and inorganic evolution and popularized the term itself. Particularly in Progress: Its Law and Cause, an essay published in 1857, he extended the idea of evolutionary progress to humanRead MoreHistory of Management Thought Revision17812 Words   |  72 PagesPart Two The Scientific Management Era The purpose of Part Two is to begin with the work of Frederick W. Taylor and trace developments in management thought in Great Britain, Europe, Japan, and the U.S.A. up to about 1929. Taylor is the focal point, but we will see his followers as well as developments in personnel management and the behavioral sciences. Henri Fayol and Max Weber will be discussed, although their main influence came later, and we will conclude with an overview of the influenceRead MoreConjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice 13113 Words   |  53 PagesPaul E. Green V. Srinivasan Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments With Implications for Research and Practice The authors update and extend their 1978 review of conjoint analysis. In addition to discussing several new developments, they consider alternative approaches for measuring preference structures in the presence of a large number of attributes. They also discuss other topics such as reliability, validity, and choice simulators. S INCE the early 1970s, conjoint analysisRead MoreNestle Accounting Practices8557 Words   |  35 PagesPGP25256 Sanjay Dhir – FPM10013 1. About Nestlà © Nestlà © is a food and package multinational with its headquarters situated in Vevey, Switzerland. The company came into being in 1905, after a merger between Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and FarineLactà ©e Henri Nestlà © Company. The company now has a strong presence worldwide and had an annual turnover of 87 billion Swiss francs in 2008. Nestlà © is the world s foremost Nutrition, Health and Wellness company. Nestlà © India Limited is the Indian arm of Nestlà ©Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesfavorite poet was Paul Laurence Dunbar, who wrote formal poetry, but became famous for poems written in black dialect. Langston also read the Bible. His favorite novels were Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Zane Greys, Riders of the Purple Sage, Harold Bell Wrights The Shepherd of the Hills, Edna Ferbers Cimarron, Gene Stratton Porters Freckles, and Florence L. Barclays The Mistress of Shenstone. Langston admired poet Paul Laurence DunbarRead MoreCosmetic Industry Analysis28098 Words   |  113 Pagesworth less than the mortgage price (Ryan, 2009). As compare to 2006, sales volumes of new homes were declined by 26.4% in 2007 of the excess supply (Victor, Sonal, Sreekanth et al., 2009). During March 2008, an estimated 8.8 million of US homeowners were believed that had the negative equity. Instead of paying high interest rate which unaffordable, many people choose to just go off. [pic] (Sources: http://www.globalissues.org/article/768/global-financial crisis#ThefinancialcrisisandwealthycountriesRead MoreEssay on Sexuality/Textuality in Tristram Shandy8792 Words   |  36 Pageswrong (p. 102). The sermons epistemology is firmly grounded in the existence of both God and a set of eternal verities, and the dictates of both can be determined by examining the revealed word of the Bible or the internal voice of reason; the two are compatible. Such an epistemology assumes the stability of language. Even if word and thing are not identical, they are intrinsically linked, revealing a unity of signifier and signified.2 Language, whether in the form of the interior speechRead Moremkt311 tb chap922235 Words   |  89 Pagesfollowed in order without omitting any steps.      True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    4. Before conducting market research, the first question to ask is, What are we trying to learn?      True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    5. Briena is looking at the results of a syndicated study conducted two years ago. Briena is looking at primary data.      True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    6. A major advantage of primary data collection is that it can be tailored to fit the pertinent research questions.      True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    7. In the marketing research process, data collection